In the earliest reference to this land, a letter outlining the treaty violations of the Hittite vassal Madduwatta, it is called Ahhiya. Some Hittite texts mention a nation to the west called Ahhiyawa ( Hittite: □□□□ Aḫḫiyawa). Hittite documents Map showing the Hittite Empire, Ahhiyawa (Achaeans) and Wilusa (Troy) in c. William Prentice disagreed with both, noting archeological evidence suggests the Achaeans instead migrated from "southern Asia Minor to Greece, probably settling first in lower Thessaly" probably prior to 2000 BC. His conclusion is based on his research on the similarity between the languages of the Achaeans and pre-historic Arcadians. Eduard Meyer, disagreeing with Beloch, instead put forth the suggestion that the real-life Achaeans were mainland pre-Dorian Greeks. Karl Beloch suggested there was no Dorian invasion, but rather that the Peloponnesian Dorians were the Achaeans. The contrasting belief that "Achaeans", as understood through Homer, is "a name without a country", an ethnos created in the Epic tradition, has modern supporters among those who conclude that "Achaeans" were redefined in the 5th century BC, as contemporary speakers of Aeolic Greek. Scott's article about the blond locks of the Achaeans as compared to the dark locks of "Mediterranean" Poseidon, on the basis of hints in Homer, has been rejected by some. Former emphasis on presumed race, such as John A. They then moved into the region later called Achaea.Ī scholarly consensus has not yet been reached on the origin of the historic Achaeans relative to the Homeric Achaeans and is still hotly debated. Pausanias and Herodotus both recount the legend that the Achaeans were forced from their homelands by the Dorians, during the legendary Dorian invasion of the Peloponnese. According to Pausanias, writing in the 2nd century AD, the term "Achaean" was originally given to those Greeks inhabiting the Argolis and Laconia. Herodotus identified the Achaeans of the northern Peloponnese as descendants of the earlier, Homeric Achaeans. Later, by the Archaic and Classical periods, the term "Achaeans" referred to inhabitants of the much smaller region of Achaea. In some English translations of the Iliad, the Achaeans are simply called the Greeks throughout. ən z/ Δαναοί Danaoi used 138 times in the Iliad) and Argives ( / ˈ ɑːr ɡ aɪ v z/ Ἀργεῖοι Argeioi used 182 times in the Iliad) while Panhellenes ( Πανέλληνες Panhellenes, "All of the Greeks") and Hellenes ( / ˈ h ɛ l iː n z/ Ἕλληνες Hellenes) both appear only once All of the aforementioned terms were used synonymously to denote a common Greek identity. Other common names used in Homer are Danaans ( / ˈ d æ n eɪ. It is used 598 times in the Iliad, often accompanied by the epithet "long-haired". In Homer, the term Achaeans is one of the primary terms used to refer to the Greeks as a whole. Beekes doubted its validity and suggested a Pre-Greek *Akay wa. The city-states of this region later formed a confederation known as the Achaean League, which was influential during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.Īccording to Margalit Finkelberg the name Ἀχαιοί ( earlier Ἀχαιϝοί) is possibly derived, via an intermediate form *Ἀχαϝyοί, from a hypothetical older Greek form reflected in the Hittite form Aḫḫiyawā the latter is attested in the Hittite archives, e.g. In the historical period, the term fell into disuse as a general term for Greek people, and was generally reserved for inhabitants of the region of Achaea, a region in the north-central part of the Peloponnese. The term "Achaean" is believed to be related to the Hittite term Ahhiyawa and the Egyptian term Ekwesh which appear in texts from the Late Bronze Age and are believed to refer to the Mycenaean civilization or some part of it. The Achaeans or Akhaians ( / ə ˈ k iː ən z/ Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιοί, romanized: Akhaioí, "the Achaeans" or "of Achaea") is one of the names in Homer which is used to refer to the Greeks collectively.
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